Br Sola Ogundipe, Health Editor

Every year, millions of people around the world live with sickle cell disorder, a genetic blood condition that affects the shape and function of red blood cells. In Nigeria, which has one of the highest burdens of the disease globally, sickle cell disorder remains a major public health concern, affecting thousands of children and adults and placing significant emotional and financial pressure on families.

Sickle cell disorder, often called sickle cell disease (SCD), is an inherited condition passed from parents to their children. It occurs when a person inherits abnormal haemoglobin genes from both parents. Haemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

Under normal circumstances, red blood cells are round and flexible, allowing them to move easily through blood vessels. However, in people with sickle cell disorder, many of these cells become hard, sticky and shaped like a crescent or sickle. These abnormal cells can block blood flow, reducing the supply of oxygen to organs and tissues.

One of the most common symptoms of sickle cell disorder is recurrent pain, often referred to as a “sickle cell crisis.” These episodes occur when sickled cells obstruct blood vessels, causing severe pain in the bones, chest, abdomen or joints. The frequency and severity of these crises vary from person to person.

Other symptoms may include chronic fatigue, anaemia, jaundice, swelling of the hands and feet, delayed growth in children and increased susceptibility to infections. Over time, repeated blockage of blood vessels can lead to complications affecting vital organs such as the lungs, kidneys, heart and brain.

Although there is currently no universal cure for sickle cell disorder, advances in medicine have significantly improved the quality of life and life expectancy of people living with the condition. Treatment often focuses on preventing complications, managing pain and reducing the risk of infections. Regular medical check-ups, vaccinations, adequate hydration and prescribed medications can help patients remain healthier and more active.

Early diagnosis is especially important. Newborn screening programmes and genotype testing can help identify affected individuals before symptoms become severe. Health experts also encourage couples to know their genotype before marriage or starting a family. When both parents carry the sickle cell trait (AS), there is a risk of having a child with sickle cell disorder (SS).

Beyond medical care, awareness and social support play a crucial role. Many people living with sickle cell disorder face stigma, misconceptions and discrimination despite leading productive and successful lives. Increased public education can help dispel myths and encourage understanding of the challenges patients experience.

As the world marks efforts to combat sickle cell disorder, experts continue to emphasise the importance of genetic counselling, early diagnosis and improved access to healthcare. With greater awareness, timely treatment and stronger support systems, individuals living with sickle cell disorder can enjoy longer, healthier and more fulfilling lives.