By Chioma Obinna

Scientists and health experts are sounding a fresh note of urgency over a small but powerful nutrient that plays a decisive role in early brain development, shaping how babies think, learn and remember and influencing cognitive outcomes later in life.

According to experts, from pregnancy through a child’s second birthday, the human brain grows at a pace never repeated later in life. During this period, often described by experts as the first 1,000 days, billions of neural connections are formed, laying the foundation for intelligence, behaviour and learning.

At the centre of this process is docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid that plays a critical role in early brain development.

In the views of a paediatric nutrition expert, “DHA is one of the basic building blocks of the brain. During pregnancy and the first two years of life, the brain rapidly accumulates DHA to support memory, learning and information processing.”

Researchers note that the brain undergoes explosive growth from birth to around age three, forming trillions of connections between neurons in a process known as synaptogenesis. As children grow, weaker connections are gradually pruned while stronger ones are reinforced, helping the brain become more efficient.

“This is when the brain’s architecture is being designed. Nutrition during this period is not just fuel; it is construction material,” experts noted.

In a report, a Nutrition expert, Dr. Oluwatosin Adu explained that DHA is a critical component of brain cells that fuels rapid neurological growth in young children, especially during infancy when brain development is fastest.

He noted that DHA enhances communication between brain cells, supports memory and attention, and contributes to coordination and visual development

“DHA is a major component of brain cell membranes, allowing nerve cells to communicate effectively. It also supports the formation of new brain cells and strengthens neural pathways linked to attention, memory and problem-solving.”

Also, scientific studies have continued to highlight the importance of adequate DHA intake during early life. Recent reviews of clinical trials suggest that DHA consumed during pregnancy and early infancy is associated with better outcomes in areas such as visual processing, memory and information-handling speed. Other research has linked omega-3 fatty acids to executive functions, including focus, planning and self-control, which are essential for learning.

Despite its importance, health experts warn that many children may not be getting enough DHA.
The nutrient is found mainly in fatty fish such as salmon, tuna and mackerel, foods that are often limited in family diets. These fish are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, including DHA. Other sources include algae-based supplements and fortified foods like certain brands of milk like Peak 456 Growing Up Milk and yogurt among others.

Breast milk naturally contains DHA, making it an excellent source for infants.

“The breast milk contains an adequate amount of DHA for a child. That is why we encourage exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months of life”

“In practice, many households do not consume fish regularly. That makes awareness of DHA particularly important for expectant and breastfeeding mothers.”

Breast milk naturally contains DHA, but its levels depend on the mother’s diet. Specialists say mothers who consume DHA-rich foods are more likely to pass on adequate amounts to their infants.

Healthcare professionals advise parents to focus on balanced early nutrition, noting that DHA should be considered alongside other essential nutrients.

“The aim is not supplementation for every child. It is about identifying dietary gaps and making informed choices through food, fortified products or professional guidance when necessary.”

Experts also stress that nutrition works best when combined with stimulation, play and responsive caregiving.

“The foundations for learning are built long before a child entered the classroom. Supporting brain development in the earliest years gives children a stronger chance to reach their full potential,” the scientists noted.

With growing scientific evidence and increased attention on early childhood nutrition, DHA is gaining recognition as a quiet but crucial factor in how young minds develop.